Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Macbeths Faults - 877 Words

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great Macbeth One of Shakespeare’s most hailed plays, Macbeth, is a narrative that centers on a gentleman that goes by the name of Macbeth and his story of going from a normal man to King in only a short amount of time. He achieves this through sheer self-indulgence, as he could have remained a noble, but elected to destroy everyone in his path to becoming King. Macbeth loves becoming King, but is constantly craving more and more control, with the play eventually ending in his much-anticipated demise. However, what occurs with Macbeth in the way of his homicidal and immoral actions is not exclusively his liability, as the culpability is also Lady Macbeth’s as well. To begin with, Macbeth is†¦show more content†¦Macbeth was in fact a decent man, one worthy of being ruler of the country and someone that could be trusted. The citizens believed in him, and he could have become the next King had he not committed the crimes. What did he become? Macbeth became a monster, not fashi oned completely of his own accord, but mainly by the actions of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is also responsible for her actions and some of the actions of Macbeth. The ambitions of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth lead to the consequential death of Duncan. Macbeth then realizes that killing is not only deceitful, but also blasphemous in the eyes of God because He allots every king the position. Sadly, Macbeth is driven by his perpetual aspirations of becoming King and â€Å"being a man† in the eyes of Lady Macbeth: I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent/but only vaulting ambitions, which o erleaps itself/and falls on th other.(I.VII.25-28). Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, is moved by the words of Macbeth, and serves only to direct his attention to taking the throne. She expends all of her strength and astuteness for dishonest and impious purposes; for example, her arrogance leads to the plan of the murder of Duncan by Macbeth, which consequently leads Macbeth on a path that is destined for failure. Additionally, Lady Macbeth does not accept failure, and will carry out anything and everything to get what needs to be done accomplished. For example, whenShow MoreRelatedEssay The Fault of the Character Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fault of the Character Macbeth in Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth by William Shakespeare is the story of a brave, honourable soldier who ruins his life due to his own greed for power, respect and wealth. The story starts with Macbeth as the kings favorite soldier, a very respectful, honorable man. Macbeth then is told by the witches his life will change for the better - All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter!. In a desperate effort to obtain this promised position of King, MacbethRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Macbeth647 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth In the tragic play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth decide, to kill King Duncan. In the play, we see the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth transform in their personality after murdering the King. Macbeth begins the play as a noble soldier, gradually changing into an ambitious murdering man. Similarly, Lady Macbeth is ambitious but she beginsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesBrandon Hunter Mrs. Gaestel English II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy isRead Moreâ€Å"Would you kill someone if it gave you power and gave you the skill to rule a country?† Macbeth was700 Words   |  3 Pagesgave you the skill to rule a country?† Macbeth was the kings general and wanted all the power he had so he did whatever it took to get the power. Shakespeare is showing humanism by fate and how Macbeth regretted using humanism towards evil. When it was already too late he realized the murder is evil with humanism. Shakespeare showed how Macbeth went from a considerate person who knew right from wrong to a strong leader who let his pride get the best of him. Macbeth realized humanism with murder is evilRead MoreA Discussion On Morals And Freedom Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesalready in play. The amount of evil caused by human fault is a theme located in literature all throughout history starting as early as the book of Genesis when looking at Adam and eve, ranging to Shakespeare s seminal play Macbeth. In the following paper, I will argue that Shakespeare has written this play so the reader can understand that, regardless of the metaphysical, biological determinants, and environmental aspects throughout this play, Macbeth is to be held fully responsible for freely choosingRead MoreResponsibility for the Tragic Events in Macbeth by William Shakespeare777 Words   |  4 PagesEvents in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Macbeth is one of Shakespeare four great tragedies. The witches, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth were all responsible for the tragic events that occurred, to some extent. The witches were the ones to start the evil as they drilled the prophecies into Macbeth. His vaulting ambition drove him to perform not only the murder of Duncan but of many others, and Lady Macbeth also hadRead MoreCreative Eulogy for the Character Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth501 Words   |  3 PagesCreative Eulogy for the Character Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Dearly beloved, we are gathered here today to honour a man who was amazing in so many ways. You may have known him since birth, as I have, or you may have only known him a brief time, but in any case, he touched your life. He touched many lives, some with his valiant courage and love, some with his kitchen knives. Although our dear friend Macbeth has passed from this world to the next, there is still much to be learnedRead MoreFate vs Free Will in Sophocles ´ Oedipus Rex and Shakespeare ´s Macbeth1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthen that persons choice and free will lead them to what has been predicted as inevitable. Knowing whether something is fate’s fault or the fault of the person who’s going to enact the said action, is one question that has never been fully answered. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Shakespeares Macbeth, fate is determined by their own choices and free will, the character Macbeth knows of what lies ahead of him, making him alter the present to creat e his idealistic future, however instead he lives a lifeRead MoreLady Macbeth Is Far More Evil Than the Witches Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesLady Macbeth is far more evil than the witchesâ€Å"Lady Macbeth is far more evil than the witches. Do you agree? * Lady Macbeth plants the idea of murder in Macbeth’s head; however the witches only tell Macbeth the prophecies. * In the end, the witches are against Macbeth’s murders by tricking him into thinking that he is unbeatable meaning justice would be served – however Lady Macbeth does not try to serve justice. * Lady Macbeth is the reason of his corruption however in the end it isRead MoreAnalysis of the Actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus Based on Free Will and Fate1677 Words   |  7 Pageswhether the actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus in Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s plays come from the characters themselves or whether they were following a predetermined fate. In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each character’s destiny, or fate, seems to be predetermined by the supernatural and unpreventable by any actions meant to stop it from occurring. The concept of fate is a large component in many Aristotelian Tragedies, such as Macbeth. However, in the tragedy

Monday, December 23, 2019

Sexuality Is Defined By Sexual Orientation - 1538 Words

Sexuality is defined by â€Å"sexual orientation or preference† as well as the ability to understand the capacity of sexual desires. Same sex sexuality refers to sexual orientation also, but one’s preference towards someone of their same gender and the â€Å"erotic thoughts, feelings and behaviours† they assign to those of the same sex. Culturally, same sex sexuality is not always based on sexual ideals, acts that could be defined as being homosexual and appealing to those with same sex sexuality, often are only performed due to cultural traditions. These traditions place a strain on what cultures depict as same sex sexuality, thereby effecting cultural treatment of it. Western cultures illustrate sexuality fairly simply. One is referred to as†¦show more content†¦In many of the cultures studied, men were expected to learn about sex extensively, to perform their role as a husband once married, as well as possible, done by engaging in sexual activities with younger men. However, once married, a man would no longer need to gain such masculinity through such methods, establishing them as inappropriate only after marital status was gained. In such cases, particularly in Melanesian society, the treatment of same sex sexualities is not only somewhat acceptable and appropriate, but necessary to establish an ideal family type with a man of extreme masculinity. It has been otherwise found that for cultures where same sex activities exist, they are in practice due to the lack of gender diversity within society. In Azande culture, same sexual activities exist and are not deemed inappropriate as such acts are regarded as a compensatory alternative lif estyle due to the lack of women. The Azande culture is not the only one where participation in same sex activities are required to increase sexual diversity. In Brazil , same sex activities come into practice for those of low occupational status to increase their sexual options. Though this shows an acceptance of same sex sexualities, issues regarding ones status and sexuality come into practice here. Brazilian culture implies that same sex sexuality is acceptable for those of lower classes, class concepts are also in practice within

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Case Study-Eating Disorder Free Essays

Sarah is a sixteen year old girl. She is in the tenth grade and until recently was an optimistic and energetic young girl. Sarah’s mother has began to worry about her lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study-Eating Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her mother recently found a bottle of diet pills hidden in her room. She has also noticed that Sarah’s behavior has been changing in the past few months. Sarah’s mother is unaware that Sarah’s boyfriend has been reducing her to tears lately by commenting that she has been gaining weight. Her mother has also found her looking in the mirror a lot more than usual. When she looks in the mirror she often sucks in her stomach and is complaining that she is not beautiful. As a result, Sarah has been going off food for days to the point of starvation. Then after days without food she breaks down and eats nearly everything that she can find in her refrigerator. Sarah’s weight has significantly dropped in the past few weeks. It is important to intervene immediately in Sarah’s life and get her help. When individuals with eating disorders get help early on during the disorder there is a high success rate of long-term recovery. Sarah is part of one the highest rated risk groups for eating disorders. People between the ages of ten to twenty-five are at the most risk for developing an eating disorder. Sarah is entering her teenage years and is encountering a lot of changes with her boy and her emotions. Eating disorders are also usually referred to as female diseases. Eating disorders are not limited to females. Sarah is a young women that is starting to feel pressure from her boyfriend to lose weight. Sarah is just beginning to have issue with her weight and food. Individuals with eating disorders often do not recognize that they have a problem or will not admit that they have a problem. The two most common forms of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. They are similar to each other and are both very harmful to an individual. Anorexia is characterized by an obsession with weight gain and self-distorted body image. Individuals with anorexia have a body weight that is 85 percent below their normal weight for their height and age. They maintain a low body weight by starving themselves, over-exercising, using diet pills, or vomiting. The effects of this eating disorder are emotional, physical, social, and psychological. It is a very serious disorder. There are two types of anorexia. The restricting type and the bingeing and purging type. When people think of anorexia they most commonly think of the restricting type which is characterized by individuals not participating in any bingeing or purging behaviors. The binging and purging type of anorexia is when the individual does participate in bingeing and purging behaviors by using laxatives, self-inducing vomiting, or over-exercising(DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Bulimia, like anorexia, is characterized by one’s obsession with weight. This type of eating disorder involves an individual having recurrent binge eating followed by purging behaviors. The use of laxatives, diuretics, and other medications help the individual with the purging. Over-exercising and a self-distorted body-image are a large part of bulimia. Persons with bulimia feel they have no self-control over their binges and purges. Their binging and purging behaviors happen often and occur at least once a week for three months (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Eating disorders are very serious and will not typically get better without treatment. It is often difficult to get people with eating disorders to get help, because they don’t think that they have a problem or they are scared of gaining weight. One of the most important aspects of treating anorexia nervosa is to have the patients gain weight and restore nutrition. In some cases their weight can be so low that hospitalization is necessary. In Sarah’s case, and most other cases, she can be treated as an outpatient with therapy. For long-term recovery it is critical to get the person who has an eating disorder help as soon as the problem is obvious. The longer the person with an eating disorder waits to get help the longer it will take to recover and the risk of relapse increases. Anorexia and bulimia can also so a lot of damage to a person’s body physically if it left untreated. This will only make individuals feel worse in the long run because they leave he/she looking and feeling terrible (Holtkamp, Hebebrand, Herpertz-Dahlmann, 2004). In severe cases of anorexia and bulimia inpatient care is needed. Inpatient care has access to 24-hour a day clinical care and is a very structured environment. This may be just what the patient needs because many times the lives of patients with eating disorders are not very organized. There are ifferent levels of care in the hospital that gives the patients the option to â€Å"step-up† or â€Å"step-down† to. One reason that patients with eating disorders are placed in inpatient care in a hospital is when they also have a psychiatric disorder. Their psychiatric disorder may also require some special care that interferes with an eating disorder. Sarah is not at the point of needing inpatient care. In pa tient care is usually only implemented in severe cases of anorexia or bulimia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most effective types of therapy for bulimia. This type of therapy is highly structured and involves active participation of the patient. This type of therapy focuses on the thoughts and feelings that the patients have about eating and food. One of the main goals is establish a positive relationship with food. Along with establishing a positive relationship with food, cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on creating a positive self-image and increasing self-esteem. Creating a positive self-image is a vital component in recovery. Cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes the importance of consuming regular meals (Mitchell, Peterson, 1999). In order to determine if the patient is consuming regular meals and snacks he/she keeps detailed journals of what he/she eats and writes self-evaluations. During cognitive-behavioral therapy there are a few other aspects that have been helpful when to use for patients with bulimia. Identifying cues for when the bingeing or purging behaviors are going to occur helps the patient reduce his/her behavior by recognizing the cue and stopping themselves before they binge or purge. Patients with eating disorders do not have a healthy or regular meal schedule. Establishing a normal meal schedule and even a meal plan for what they are going to eat at each meal will help enforce regularity into the patients’ life. Research findings show that cognitive-behavioral therapy is successful in reducing bingeing and purging behaviors in individuals with bulimia nervosa. Reduction rates range from 40 percent to 97 percent (Mitchell, Peterson,1999). For anorexia nervosa, cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found to be effective when used as individual therapy and group therapy combined. Using group therapy and individual therapy has resulted in a reduction in relapse and symptoms returning. Although it can be used for anorexia nervosa it is not the most effective treatment option for anorexia nervosa, but it is one of the most effective or bulimia. One problem with cognitive-behavioral therapy is that at the end of this therapy many patients still have some symptoms; that increases the risk for a relapse in the future. Nutritional counseling is an essential part of treatment for eating disorders. It can be done with the counselor that they are seeing for their cognitive-behavioral therapy or it can be a completely different counselor that is specialized in dietary nutrition. During nutritional therapy the patient learns about the importance of healthy eating. The patient is also taught about the effects on his/her mental and physical health when they deprive their body of the basic nutritional needs. Teaching patients’ to have a positive relationship with food is one of the most important aspects of treatment for individuals with eating disorders, because if he/she keeps a negative view of food then they will not be able to gain weight. Nutritional counseling sets up a new diet that includes the patient keeping a daily journal of what they eat. During nutritional counseling the patients’ learn that they need to eat food to be able to live and that they can eat food without feeling bad about themselves. Group therapy provides a supportive network of individuals who have the same eating disorder to share time and experiences with one another. During group therapy individuals can discuss their goals for the future, ways to change his/her behaviors, and alternate coping strategies. Group therapy for individuals with anorexia and bulimia is not always the most effective form of treatment. There are several advantages and disadvantages in group therapy. Group therapy allows individuals to share and teach about their own experiences with their eating disorder. Group therapy many not be appropriate for all individuals, but for those whom it is, they seem to benefit greatly. Patients with eating disorders often feel rejected by their families and friends, and when they are with other patients who are suffering from eating disorders then they will gain acceptance and feel cared about. Forming friendships with other patients in the group can help prevent a binge or take someone out of a depressed mood by a making a simple phone call. However, individuals with eating disorders also suffer from anxiety and are closed off to others, so putting them in a group therapy may not be that effective (Holtkamp, Hebebrand, Herpertz-Dahlmann, 2004). They will not be willing to cooperate and share with others. Also, one cannot force individuals to be part of a group therapy and many people will not volunteer to be part of a group. One concern that therapists have with group therapy is that patients can get negative ideas from each other. For example if one patient is unaware of a type of medication that is used to induce vomiting he/she may try this as a new method. Patients may, also feel too much pressure from the other individuals in the group and withdraw themselves from the rest of the group and lie about their progress. Patients with anorexia and bulimia often show a low level in serotonin (Ferguson, La Via, Crossan, 1999). Low levels of serotonin are often associated with depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Many individuals who are suffering from an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia are also diagnosed with an anxiety or depressive disorder. Some of these disorders include social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthmic disorder, and substance abuse. Medication is often used in treating anorexia and bulimia, because of the cormobidity with other mental disorders. The main purposes of using medication are to treat other psychiatric conditions, reduce sensitivity to stress, reduce anxiety and weight restoration. Medications have shown to be effective in these areas. Medication should not be the only type of treatment for an individual with an eating disorder. When using medication with another type of therapy, such a cognitive-behavioral or family therapy, should be implemented. The use of medication in the treatment for anorexia has not shown significant effects(Ferguson, La Via, Crossan, 1999). When the use of fluoxetine, an antidepressant, was combined with nutritional and behavioral treatment, it has shown some effects in preventing relapse. It did not improve the mood or stimulate appetite in individuals. It has been shown to be most effect in the treatment of anorexia once there has been some weight gain and improvement in self-esteem. The use of pharmacology is much more promising for patients with bulimia. It doesn’t work for everyone with bulimia, but the use of antidepressants has resulted in significant reduction in bingeing and purging behaviors. The most popular form of antidepressants used are SSRI’s and Prozac has shown the best results for reducing behaviors associated with bulimia. When using medication for the treatment of anorexia and bulimia is important to follow several guidelines to protect the patients’ health. Doing a medical background check of the patient and his/her family health is important before beginning the patient in any type of medication. The use of medication should not take place until after nutritional rehabilitation has begun and the patient has already chosen another form of therapy to participate in while he/she is taking medication. A treatment method that is often overlooked is self-help. It is often overlooked because it very few medical professionals are involved in this type of treatment. This method involves the patient with an eating disorder becoming part of a group that is composed of people who have eating disorders or joining a community group that will have a high level of support. Support is one of the most important aspects that a person with an eating disorder needs in his/her life in order to have long-term success and a low relapse rate. There are many self-help groups for patients with eating disorders all over the world that are committed to helping individuals recover from an eating disorder. Self-groups may not be for everyone. It is important for individuals with an eating disorder to also have support from the people that are important in his/her life. Family and friends are the people that they interact with everyday and it is essential for the patient to have support from people that they are in contact with on a daily basis. Having support from family members is very helpful in treatment. Since family members are the people that the patient is most likely around the most it is important for them to understand the therapy process and be there for their family member when he/she needs them. In many cases, the family members and the way that a family functions can be part of the reason that the patient has developed an eating disorder. Most cases of eating disorders do not have direct causes because of the patients’ issues with food and weight. Problems within the family is one of the top causes for eating disorders. Family therapy is a popular option for patients with eating disorders the main goal of family therapy is to reduce family dysfunction and reorganize the family to help with the reduction of dysfunction. Family therapy involves the participation of the entire immediate family. During family therapy the role of the therapist is to provide the family with communication skills, conflict resolution skills, and support skills. Teaching family members how to have realistic expectations for one another and to develop strong and united relationships is another important aspect of the family. Family therapy is especially important to use with children and adolescents. 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Saturday, December 7, 2019

Coase Theorem in Design of Environmental Policies-Free-Samples

Question: Explain key elements of writings of Ronald Coase and assess their contribution to the design of environmental policy. Answer: Introduction Ronald Coase's original paper, 'The Problem of Social Cost' (1960), is a standout amongst the most referred to articles in the financial aspects and legitimate written works, and quite a bit of this consideration is owed to a suggestion that has come to be known as the Coase Theorem. While the Coase Theorem is in no way, shape or form the main thought contained inside that exposition has caught the consideration and enthusiasm of business analysts and lawful researchers as have couple of different thoughts. Coase contended that, from a monetary point of view, the objective of the lawful framework ought to be built up with examples of rights to such an extent that financial effectiveness is achieved. The lawful framework influences exchanges costs and the objective of such a framework is to limit mischief or expenses, comprehensively considered. In light of this, Coase exhibits the significance of exchange costs by considering the idea of bartering or of agreements that could be struck by utilizing a case of product harm caused by straying steers. He noticed that arrangements among influenced gatherings would bring about an effective and invariant result under the standard presumptions of aggressive markets (particularly, the expenses of executing are zero), insofar as rights are very much characterized. In particular, it is important to know whether the harming business is obligated or not for harm caused since without the foundation of this underlying delimitation of rights there can be no market exchanges to exchange and recombine them. Be that as it may, a definitive outcome (which amplifies the estimation of creation) is free of the legitimate position if the evaluating framework is expected to work without cost. This is as close as Coase comes in his article to expressing what has come to be known as the Coase Theorem Ronald Coase contribution towards the Design of Environmental policy One of the major contributions of Ronald Coase in the early design of Environmental Policy was through his famous writing commonly referred to as the Coase Theorem. Basing the argument on the context of Environmental Pollution and Externalities Coase outlined the following.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) Habitually when it came to environmental pollution, the universal philosophy was that the polluter was supposed to pay for it. A firm polluting the air or water was supposed to pay for the damages that arise (Farrell, 2011). In a simpler case, if a house is built next to a neighbor with livestock yard and the owner does not like the odor of livestock waste from the yard, the traditional values would hold that the government would intervene and stop the operations of the farmer. According to the article The Problem of Social Cost Ronald Coase came up with new insights on the way to perceive social costs and the norm of polluter pays.(Shweizer, 2013) The insight that Coase proposed was the reciprocal nature of the social costs and externalities and has been termed as the Coase Theorem (Farrell, 2011). The key elements of the Coase Theorem; In the above context can be revealed as follows: Yes, it is very true that the operation is hurting the neighbor through air pollution. However, in reacting through the government or legal involvement (by taxing the waste production) it is, on the other hand, harming the farmer (Robson, et al., 2014). Thirdly, the issuance of property rights and the perspective for bargaining outcomes in behavior that is altered to take care of the negative effects our selections have on others, irrespective of which party is primarily given property rights.(Kahneman, et al., 2011) But the final result which maximizes the net worth of production is free of the legal state if the valuing system is presumed to work without cost. Coase mentions that the concern is that no one possesses the air that surrounds the livestock operation and the neighborhood house(R.R, 2014). This then brings a dispute over the way in which air should be used to enthrall livestock odor or to offer a scent free environment in the backyard. An externality is an uncontracted impact (Robson, et al., 2014). It is a harm or benefit that goes uncompensated. Whenever the cost of someones behavior is not included into a price by which a choice can be prized, it harms without even compensating for it. (I.e. existence of negative externality)(Kelman W, 2011).However, if the farmer owns the rights to the air, then he can choose to pollute the air. If the neighbor own rights to the air, then he can prevent the farmer from polluting it. If none owns the air, then it follows the rule of first come first served or else the winner takes it all. (Stigler, 2011) Decisions regarding how the air should be used will be centered on the local understanding and preferences of both parties. This can be consummated without major government interventions or the indiscriminate imposition of taxes(Farrell, 2011). The issuance of property rights and the ability for bargaining results in a conduct that is changed to account for the negative effects choices have on others, irrespective of who owns the rights. This is the principle of what is known as Coase Theorem.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coase Theorem argues in the context of zero transaction costs, and roughly in the existence of transaction costs that bounds the bargaining progression and establishment of a price that reveals local understanding and preferences associated with externality(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). In the context of high transaction costs, Coase debates that courts should do their best to forestall the economics convoluted in making the initial issuance of property rights.(Robson, et al., 2014) Coase argues that in some scenarios, governments may do a better work assigning resources in the aspect of high transaction costs, but is doubtful(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). Appreciating the knowledge problem and the matters linked to government decision-making from public selection theory makes government involvement a questionable approach in dealing with social costs. (Farrell, 2011) Coasian Bargaining The bargaining by Coasian is founded on the concepts of Ronald H. Coase the receiver of the year 1991 Nobel Prize in the field of economics behind his findings and explanation of the significance of costs of transaction and the rights of property for the effective organization and functioning of an economy (Robson, et al., 2014). In accordance to his article, the social costs problems (1960), he suggests that clearly-defined property rights can overwhelm the matters of externalities since many environmental hitches emerge as a result poorly distinct or the absence of property rights.(Kelman W, 2011) Supposing that property rights are under the polluter and that the costs of transaction are held at zero(Farrell, 2011), the Coase theorem outlines that the polluter and the victim can reach a jointly constructive bargain if the destruction from pollution is greater than polluters net profit from the sale of the products producing such a pollution. In this context, payments from the affected party to the polluter would moderate the pollution.(Kelman W, 2011) Therefore, Coase theorem outlines that the greatest competent solution to resolving mutually dependent uses of the environment, pollution problems inclusive, is a bargaining practice amongst significant property owners(Kelman W, 2011). If the rights of property are set to polluters, victims will be required to pay them not to pollute, establishing a market-like solution affiliated to a system for overheads of ecosystem services. Otherwise, if rights of property are directed to victims, the polluters may reimburse the victim or purchase the right to pollute.(Robson, et al., 2014) Thus, the cost of the agreed outcome is mutual between the parties without any external mediation. If transaction costs are negligible, the resulting distribution of resources will be effective (that is, the resource will be devoted to its highest prized use) irrespective of the initial sharing of property rights(Robson, et al., 2014). The conception of a market in the Coase solution suppresses externalities; however, it does not essentially bring pollution to zero levels. Furthermore, it cannot be realistic to externalities affecting prospect generations or other species.(Madema Zerbejr, 2014) For instance, reflect a chemical factory unit delivering advantageous items yet, in addition, contaminating with its smoke. In the event that a definitive legitimate system issues individuals the privilege to take clean air, they could influence the industrial facility to create a diminished measure of or nothing by any stretch of the imagination (Robson, et al., 2014). Nonetheless, accepting that the manufacturing plant is prepared to spend up to USD 5 for every unit for the privilege to sufficiently dirty so as to deliver its items, If this sum is reflected to of more prominent worth than that of clean air, society will take the cash and endure such a contamination. Then again, if the privilege to contaminate given to the firm, individuals can bung the firm to dirty less.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coasian bargaining strategy is an appealing one to somewhere in the range of: an economy might have the capacity to accomplish Pareto-effective asset assignment (that is, no people can be improved off without aggravating another person off) without inescapable government control (Robson, et al., 2014). Additionally, Coasian dealing arrangements can be especially intriguing for worldwide externalities, since there is no supranational natural security organization with the vital expert to force reduction mandates or contamination charges. In any case, the quantity of circumstances for which Coasian bartering is possible and attractive is restricted. To start with, Coasian haggling does not wipe out the part of government in doling out introductory property rights(Kelman W, 2011). This procedure will be liable to particular vested party campaigning and lease chasing. Furthermore, on the grounds that numerous ecological externalities are aberrant, combined and dubious and in light of the fact that falling back on the legitimate framework includes wastefulness, the expenses of authorizing or striking a Coasian deal might be extensive. Besides, the same number of externalities are intertemporal, future ages are essentially not present in any deal.(Robson, et al., 2014) Another point of confinement to Coasian markets originates from the way that numerous natural externalities, similar to auto outflows or commotion in the region of airplane terminals, or worldwide impacts, for example, environmental change and ozone layer decimation, include a substantial number of individuals (Robson, et al., 2014). For instance, a rancher who contaminates his water supply might be one of the various upstream agriculturists influencing a large number of downstream neighbors'. Conveying all the important specialists to the arranging table would be troublesome and costly. The exchange costs (of accumulating the premiums of all the influenced parties, enlisting attorneys, arranging an ideal reduction level, and authorizing a market assention) will keep a private deal even with a reasonable assignment of rights. (Kelman W, 2011) Besides, people will be enticed to go about as free riders in arrangements, undermining the transactions themselves. People would regard the result of arrangements as outside their ability to control and along these lines, be unwilling to shoulder any exchange costs (Kelman W, 2011). In this way, when externalities occur in future, or when exchange costs are vital and when the quantity of members is extensive, Coasian answers for ecological externalities must be discounted. The Behavioral Economics Behavioral Economics refers to the basics of human psychology in reference to the economic decision-making procedures of people and institutions. The two most important queries arise in this scenario, firstly, whether economists' conventions of utility or returns maximization are good estimates of the real people's behavior and secondly, whether people maximize the subjective utility expected.(DO , 2013) Behavioural economics investigation has had an important part in advising policymakers in fields such as individual health, job markets, user markets and personal finance(Gneezy List, 2014). A number of governments utilised this mechanism which encourages the attention of perceptions from behavioural economics in their reflections concerning policy making. In U.K for example(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014), Behavioural Expert Team dwells directly in the Cabinet Headquarters, and has been dynamic across a diversity of policy areas(Allison, 2015). In European Commission similarly, the Director of Health and Consumers has commissioned a framework undertake to support behavioural economics function in the whole Commission(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014). Additionally, In United States, the Agency of Management and Budget has adopted motivations from behavioural economics in the fields of health care delivery and financial directives.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) The approaches exploited in behavioural economics exploration include laboratory and field experiments, occasionally involving thousands of people(Allison, 2015). The benefits of using approaches of this nature are that they are certainly interpretable even by non-experts (i.e. they do not necessitate sophisticated speculative modelling)(Basiago Andrew, 2011), and yet offer a scientifically effective way of testing the success, costs, and public appropriateness of innovative policy tools.(Hursh, 2012) In the ideal situation, people always make prime decisions that give them the greatest gains and satisfaction. In accordance with the famous rational choice theory, when humans are offered with several options under the situations of scarcity, they would select the option that maximizes their personal satisfaction(Sent, 2014). This theory adopts that individuals, given their partialities and constraints, are proficient of making coherent choices by effectively making comparisons between the costs and returns of each alternative available to them. The ultimate decision is always the best option for the individual.(Thaler , 2014) Behavioral economics argues on psychology and economics perspective to explore the reason behind people making irrational decisions, and exactly how their behavior sometimes does not adhere to the forecasts of economic models(Allison, 2015). Some decisions like how much to pay for a coffee cup, whether to join a graduate school, pursuing a healthy lifestyle, contribution to the retirement scheme and investment choices, are decisions that individuals make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics strives to explain the reasons behind individuals making a certain choice and not the others.(Thaler , 2014) One solicitation of behavioral economics is the use of rules of thumb or psychological shortcuts to make prompt decisions. However, when these decisions result in errors, heuristics means cognitive preconception(Gneezy List, 2014). Behavioral game theory can also be practical to behavioral economics as it runs experiments to analyze peoples decisions to make irrational decisions. Another area in which behavioral economics can be utilized is behavioral finance, which opts to explain reasons behind investors making rash resolutions when trading in the investment markets.(DO , 2013) Companies are gradually incorporating behavioral economics in designing their policies to upsurge sales of their goods and services. A good example can be seen in the price of 8GB iPhone in the year 2007; it was introduced at $600 and swiftly reduced to $400. What if the phone was launched at $400 anyway? If Apple launched this smartphone at $400, the primary reaction to the price might be negative as it would have been perceived to be too pricey. But by launching it at a higher price and reducing it to $400, consumers developed a notion that they were receiving a pretty good deal and as a result, sales surged for Apple.(Thaler , 2014) Another typical example can be seen in designing policies for the promotion of healthy living as implemented by the government of Iceland in its attempt towards motivating children to exercise more and eat healthier(Hursh, 2012). In collaboration with some TV programs and exploiting the reputation of the program, the government started an initiative. It collaborated with a big supermarket chain, fruits and vegetables were labeled as Candy Sports a brand that the television program used for fruits and vegetables. This change led to a 22 percent increase in fruits and vegetable sales.(Thaler , 2014) Similarly, considering a soap company that produces the same soap but advertises them in diverse packages to please multiple target crowds, one package marketing the soap for all soap users while the other for customers with sensitive skin. The second target would not have bought the product if the bundle did not stipulate that the soap was for sensitive skins. Consumers will opt for the soap with the sensitive skins tag even though its exactly the same product in the overall package.(DO , 2013) Conclusion At last, the importance of the Coase Theorem must be comprehended in Epistemological terms. The 'rightness' of the Theorem involves intelligent legitimacy; by and large, the Theorem is a conclusion got from premises and the part of the presumptions constituting its premises is to discount of thought every one of those factors which would keep the inference of the determination as an issue of rationale. The legitimacy of the Theorem, in this manner, is a component of the suppositions characterizing ceaselessly certain constraining conditions. The experimental truth of the Theorem - its spellbinding exactness - is a different issue from its consistent legitimacy. The Theorem considered observationally is an inclination articulation, an announcement that under specific conditions such and such conduct and allocative et cetera results can be normal; that is, a law in the Marshallian sense. In any case, the intelligent and exact perspectives are firmly identified with each other In that changing the assumption states of the Theorem is commensurate to changing the conditions as far as which the Theorem is a propensity proclamation. The Theorem is an inclination or likelihood explanation in a further observational sense, to mind: the test writing shows that the outcomes expected on the premise of specific particulars of the Theorem are acknowledged something short of what 100% of the time. Given the prior, it turns out to be evident that a great part of the writing on the Coase Theorem not just overextends as far as the regularizing suggestions More or less dishonourably drawn from the Theorem, however neglects to indicate the weightiness of the Theorem in such terms - promptly prompting rehearses which make claims for and take the Theorem a long ways past what logicality and experimentation allow. Work Cited Allison, 2015. Behavioral Economics. s.l.:Praeger publishers. Basiago Andrew, 2011. Economics, social and environmental sustainability in development theory. Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014. Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge University press ed. Dobson, 2015. Environmental Sustainability. DO W., 2013. Behavioral Economics. Advances in Behavioral Economics, p. 669. Farrell, j., 2011. Coase Theorem and information. Economic Perspective, pp. 113-129. Gneezy List, 2014. Putting behavioral economics at work. Hursh, 2012. Behavioral economics. Journal of experimental analysis of behaviour. Kahneman, Knetsh Thaler, 2011. Experimental tests of coase theorem. journal of economics. Kelman W, P., 2011. Consumption and Product theory under Coase Theorem ideology. Kemp, 2013. Environmental policy and Technical change. Madema Zerbejr, 2014. Coase Theorem CRESP. journal of economic and social policy. Panayotou, 2011. empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation. R.R, C., 2014. Coase theorem. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan U.K. Robson, A, A. S., 2014. Costly enactment of the rights of property and the Coase theory. Sent, 2014. Behavioral economics. How psychology has its way back to Economy. Shweizer, 2013. Externalities and coase theorem. journal of institutional and theoritical economics. Stigler, 2011. Two notes on Coase Theorem. Stigler, n.d. Two notes on coase Theorem. Thaler B., 2014. Increasing Employees Savings. Political Economics, pp. 164-187. Vogel, 2011. National styles of regulation. Washington: Us press.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Deceitful Relationships in the Secret Agent Essay Example

Deceitful Relationships in the Secret Agent Paper The Secret Agent was written by Joseph Conrad and published in 1908. It’s a classic novel based on actual events: the attempt to blow up the Greenwich Observatory in 1984. This fictionalized tale revolves around Mr. Verloc, a spy for his home country of France while living and working in London, Mr. Verloc’s wife, Winnie, a devoted wife and lives her life caring for her young brother, and Stevie, Winnie’s simple-minded brother who manages to get involved with Mr. Verloc’s dangerous politics. The family relationships in this novel, particularly Winnies devotion to her brother Stevie, are quite strong and relevant to the events of the story. The novel seems to be mostly about Winnie, though she appears to only be a minor character throughout the majority of the story. Winnie is the injured party when the scheme to blow up the Greenwich Observatory goes disastrously wrong, though the plan was engineered to save Mr. Verloc from the possibility of death. In a way, Mr. Verloc and Winnie are almost paralleled to one another in the story, both living behind secrets. While reading the novel, Winnie and Mr. Verloc’s relationship seemed odd and unfamiliar. Chapter VIII in The Secret Agent reveals a passage that makes the reader consider Winnie and Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Deceitful Relationships in the Secret Agent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deceitful Relationships in the Secret Agent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deceitful Relationships in the Secret Agent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Verloc to be strangers to one another: [t]his head arranged for the night, those ample shoulders, had an aspect of familiar sacredness—the sacredness of domestic peace. She moved not, massive and shapeless like a recumbent statue in the rough; he remembered her wide-open eyes looking into the empty room. She was mysterious, with the mysteriousness of living beings. (Conrad 148) The imagery in the passage seems cold, and lacking the passion that a man would use to describe his wife laying in bed next to him. By calling Winnie sacred, Conrad does add a little warmth, because unlike Winnie, Mr. Verloc does love her, but she is also described as mysterious. Winnie and Mr. Verloc have been married for seven years and the fact that she can still be described as mysterious is unusual. Lying in bed together at night is a very intimate moment between two people, and the passage portrays Winnie as being a statue, not moving at all. When in a comfortable marriage, the husband and wife should be able to move freely and talk because it is their time to be alone with one another, but instead Winnie is compared to a statue that is lying down, the imagery in the passage compares Winnie to a figure made of stone. There are other images in the novel where Winnie is completely still, and maybe not directly being called a statue, she acts as one, â€Å"[s]he remained mysteriously still† (Conrad 215) or: a white-hot iron drawn across her eyes; at the same time her heart, hardened and chilled into a lump of ice, kept her body in an inward shudder, set her features into a frozen, contemplative immobility addressed to a whitewashed wall with no writing on it. (Conrad 199) The passage shows that Mr. Verloc and Winnie have not completely opened themselves up to one another, hiding behind secrets. Mr. Verloc hides from Winnie that he is a secret agent working for the French Embassy, and Winnie puts on a front for her husband as a devoted wife so she and her brother, Stevie, can live with financial security. The passage shows the reader just how little Winnie is emotionally invested in her marriage. Winnie appears to an outsider, such as Comrade Ossipon, to be a devoted wife to Mr. Verloc, but in reality she has devoted her entire life to her brother, first protecting the poor boy from his own abusive father, then caring for him when their mother became disabled, and finally marrying Mr. Verloc with the intention that Stevie would always be cared for and not have to work. Winnie has given up freedom and love for her brother and thrown all her trust on to this man, who has a secret life that he has refused to disclose to her. Winnie and Mr. Verloc each hide behind a big secret, which stands in the way of their marriage. They are parallel to one another through their deceit. Both characters are morally corrupt, Mr. Verloc is in many ways self-deceived, since he does not admit to himself how grimy his methods of making a living are, and it seems that he even wanted to be rid of the mentally deficient Stevie with his lack of sympathy for Winnie, and Winnie allows herself to be sexually exploited by marrying Mr. Verloc, whom she does not love, but does it for the sake of Stevie and her mother, and by so carelessly throwing herself at the feet of Comrade Ossipon near the end of the novel. The excerpt shows the reader that Mr. Verloc and Winnie are almost strangers in this story by calling her mysterious, but then the narrator takes it a step further by saying she is mysterious, â€Å"with the mysteriousness of living beings† (Conrad 148). The description of Winnie from Mr. Verloc’s point of view seems very general and vague, not a loving, meaningful, or even familiar depiction of Winnie. But it is not the only time that Winnie is thought of as being mysterious, â€Å"Mrs. Verloc sat still under her black veil, in her own house, like a masked and mysterious visitor of impenetrable intentions† (Conrad 211). Even in her own house, Winnie is somewhat of a mysterious visitor, and Mr. Verloc is not able to relate to his wife, especially after she finds out the truth of Stevie’s death. It is obvious Mr. Verloc does not know Winnie’s true self by the sheer fact that he thinks he’s doing Winnie a favor by sparing his own life and letting Stevie be in control of the bomb, and this shows through Mr. Verloc’s persistent defense of his actions to his wife Winnie, â€Å"‘[d]o be reasonable, Winnie. What would it have been if you had lost me? ’† (Conrad 193). When Mr. Verloc asks Winnie that question, he must be assuming that Winnie would be more sorrowful had he died instead of Stevie. Mr. Verloc is clearly unaware of Winnie’s intentions for their marriage and just how much she truly cared about Stevie. Mr. Verloc and Winnie’s deceit ultimately brought them to their deaths at the end of the novel. Both suffering from moral corruption and a loveless marriage, Mr. Verloc and Winnie were paralleled through their secrets from one another. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. The Secret Agent. New York: Signet Classics, 2007.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Moors essays

The Moors essays The Moors who originated form North Africa were a military culture who started their invasions and attempted dominance in 711 ad. The purpose of the invasion was to bring their religion, politics, and their social standards to other parts of the world. But with this brought pain and suffering to where ever they went especially Spain. They were a group that were persecuted by the Christians and eventually expelled by the monarchy of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella who were Catholic. Despite the persecution that the Moors went though they left an ever-lasting impression on the development of the Spanish people as well as the culture. Many of the impacts that the Moors made during their invasion can still be seen today. The history of the Moors is an interesting one. Muslim Arab armies swept North Africa in the 7th century in a militant expedition to convert tribes to Islam. In the Northwestern corner of the continent, they encountered several indigenous peoples, collectively called Berbers. In 711 ad, A Berber-Muslim army under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, crossed the strait of Gibraltar from North Africa into the Iberian Peninsula for a military invasion. They were confronted with Visigothic inhabitants, peoples of Germanic origin who had entered the peninsula via Gaul about 300 years earlier. The Visigoths had a hierarchical system of nobles and small kingdoms, similar to that of feudalism in medieval Europe. The invading Muslim armies destroyed this system and all the kingdoms in the region, and began instituting their own kingdoms. Goderick, the last of the Visigothic Kings of Spain was defeated at the battle of Rio Barbate in about 715. By 719, the forces were supreme from the Atlan tic Coast to the Pyrenees. They attempted to invade France in 732, but were turned back by the forces of Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler who was the grandfather of Charlemagne (Fletcher 1-13). For the first year of rule, the M...

Friday, November 22, 2019

HS630 week 9 conference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HS630 week 9 conference - Essay Example In this regard, at the onset, risk was made apparently clear. Do people know what to do and when to do it? Through the eight stages, people are made aware on what to do and when to do it through information needs assessment, communication action assessment and communication action implementation stages (Lindell, Prater, & Perry, 2007, p. 83). For instance, in the stage involving information needs assessment, an identified need is confirmed. Through communication action assessment, people get to know what to do since â€Å"people often rely on the news media to confirm information they received about the hazard from other sources† (Lindell, Prater, & Perry, 2007, p. 84). And through communication action implementation stage, people have confirmed the threat or risk and take the needed protective action, as advised. Do people know and how to get more information? Yes, people get to know the manner of getting more information through â€Å"contacting many people many people over a short period of time (Drabek and Stephenson, 1971; cited in Lindell, Prater, & Perry, 2007, p. 85). Through the eight stages of warning and action, information is gathered and communicated effectively to enable them to gather as much information as reliably possible and to take appropriate action, as relayed. Essay Question 2: For a business or a local jurisdiction, outline an outreach communications plan for a crisis. Identify the type of crisis first, and 5 different audiences you need to communicate with. For each audience segment, summarize the key messages you need to convey, what media or method you would use to disseminate those messages, the timing (before a crisis, immediately after, during response, during recovery), and who might be the spokesperson (e.g., e-mail or tweet from a CEO; briefing by an expert). The spokesperson is optional. Follow the template below. potential flash floods as information was received from news media and local government agencies; include

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Organization implications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organization implications - Essay Example The merit pay systems emphasizes on the fact that teachers are to be paid for their achievement in the classroom as opposed to their seniority or the number of ed-school credits that they have collected. This paper will discuss the merit pay system and teacher performance in public schools The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 put the merit system principles into law, specifically section 2301 of title 5 of the U.S. Code. It was set as a national policy intended â€Å"to provide the people of the United States with a competent, honest, and productive workforce...and to improve the quality of public service, Federal personnel management should be implemented consistent with merit system principles† (Pfiffner & Brook, 2000). Since then, the merit system and its principles have been implemented both in the public sector and in private sector in the country. The merit system can be defined as a personnel system applied in the process of hiring and promoting government employees based on merit to obtain the highest efficiency in public personnel functions. The application of the merit system in the public education sector has brought about unending controversies especially with the merit pay issue. The merit pay systems emphasizes on the fact that teachers are to be paid for their achievement in the classroom as opposed to their seniority or the number of ed-school credits that they have collected as it has been done from the 1920s period. Reformers in the education system including the government have emphasized that the merit pay will encourage high performing teachers to do well and drive the lazy ones away, thereby improving the performance of public schools. However, teachers’ unions have continually opposed the move stating that there is no objective way of measuring the classroom performance of a teacher. In addition to this, opposing views have pointed to the fact that the merit pay system has a high chance of failing

Monday, November 18, 2019

Prosecute Billy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prosecute Billy - Essay Example Any civil claims cannot be brought up whilst the case is in charge of the Crown Prosecution Service, which is strictly a criminal prosecution service. To begin with, it is necessary to see that Billy’s actions caused Hilda to suffer harm to an extent that she had to be taken to the hospital. These circumstances make it clear that the harm suffered by Hilda was aggravated in nature. She has been hit on the head by a chair leg and is in a condition that she is not allowed visitors. These evidential circumstances bring the harm caused into the ambit of a grievous nature which is governed by section 20 of the OAPA 1861. Section 20 of the OAPA states that: â€Å"Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm upon any other person, either with or without any weapon or instrument shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.† (Jacqueline, Chris 2011, pp 113-116) It is clear from the section that a few elements wi ll need to be proven against Billy before a case under Section 20 can be made out. The first of these has to be the actus reus. For the purposes of Section 20, the actus reus, or the guilty act, has to consist of wounding which amounts to grievous bodily harm and has been inflicted by the defendant. The requirement of ‘wounding ‘ as defined in the case of Moriarty v Brookes ((1834) 6 C&P 684) states that the continuity of the skin as a whole should be disrupted. It is here to be noted that if the blow of the chair which was enough to land Hilda in a hospital whereby she was unavailable for visitors is a sign that the damage caused to her head would well have caused blood to flow, as might any such act where the impact is so harsh do so. As also mentioned in Section 20, the requirement that a weapon or instrument may have been used also stands proved as Billy used a chair to inflict harm onto Hilda’s person. More essentially, Hilda must prove that the harm caused w as of the category of grievous bodily harm as set out in the OAPA 1861. It has been roughly defined as harm which ‘seriously interferes with health or comfort’ (Ashman, 1858 1 FF 88). Judges have also later refined this definition further in cases like Smith ((1961) AC 290), that the definition need not be confined in any sense; the jury and judge alike must take into account the totality of injuries caused and must consider liability for it accordingly. Here, it is clear that a woman who had to be admitted to the hospital had indeed suffered serious harm which cannot be taken lightly and is does qualify fully the requirement laid down in Section 20 of the infliction of grievous bodily harm. Further, it is necessary to prove that Billy has indeed ‘inflicted’ the injuries on Hilda for which he is to be held liable. It is expressly believed that in legal terms, infliction takes place when either the defendant directly and violently inflicts the injury by assa ulting the victim or, more widely, where he does something which indirectly applies force on the victim’s person to cause injury. Under this definition, Billy has clearly been direct and violent in using force against Hilda as he hit her on the head with a chair leg and hence, infliction also

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Development And Growth Of Capitalism

The Development And Growth Of Capitalism I will look in particular at the works of Max Weber regarding his Protestant Ethic Theory and Karl Marx alternative theories to explain how capitalism came about in Europe. I will first look at the historical background of both theorists and the actual historical events which influenced central Europe during the 19th century. These events such as the industrial revolution are important to understand how capitalistic modes of economic and societal arrangements developed and what were the contributing factors to this development. It is important to also look at the present Modern Capitalism of contemporary society, and compare it to the past to see how capitalism actually developed and expanded, touching the important, often interlinked concept of Globalisation. Modern capitalist society is described as: The expansion of international commerce on a large scale, also the flowering of a large scale industry, the triumph of machinery, and the growing power of the great financial houses. In a word, it is the present day union of all these phenomena which really constitutes modern capitalism. Capitalism is the rational development of capital, commodities and means of production in a network of an interconnected markets. Both Weber and Marx offer valid explanations for how capitalism came about, they base their works on historical references and suggest different theories to explain this phenomena. To create a more clear picture I will also compare the works of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim and Simmel. These will be useful as they will offer alternative approaches and different points of view which can help to understand the main mechanisms which lead to capitalism development. I will conclude by giving my own opinion based on the constructed evidence from various theorists on how Capitalism came about in Europe. I will try to asses what have been the most influential factors that brought to this development in this specific part of the world. Weber Max Weber was a sociologist, he offered a theory which basically seeks to describe Capitalism. This theory is based on the process of Rationalization which Weber believes to be at the roots of Capitalism development. In order to understand Webers Protestant Ethic Theory, it is useful to have a quick look at his family background: Weber was born in a middle class family, his father was a business man and embraced liberal values, described as a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures. On the other hand, Webers Mother appeared to have contrasting ideologies with the husband. She was a strong Calvinist who embraced puritan values and absolutist ideas. While Webers father was the typical image of the capitalist entrepreneur which invested and indulged in the luxuries of life, Webers mother reflected the conservative, minimalist puritan Calvinist spirit. It is no doubt that Weber was thorn between these to views and much of his work is influenced by the discrepancies between his parents. Weber was also interested in how religion influenced identities and values in central Europe. This interest could be linked to his mother strong religious values and how Weber saw a connection between Protestantism and Capitalism. Weber constructed his idea of the Protestant ethic to explain how capitalism came about. He bases his work on the question :Why did Capitalism begin in Western Europe rather than Asia?. He argued that the Protestant religion, among with its branches such as Calvinism, created the perfect ideals and behaviours which helped spread and promote capitalism. And suggested that the existence and development of Protestantism in Western Europe, together with the development of Capitalism in Western Europe were two interlinked events. Weberss therefore describes religion as the core process which brought to capitalism development in Western Europe. Weber used his rationalization theory to compare religions around the world and found that the most rational religious system was Calvinism. He believed other world religions such as Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism were more irrational and therefore inhibited capitalism development. The nature of Protestantism and Calvinism does actually reflect possible rational behaviours; this is shown in the ideal of predestination which is embedded in Protestants, this means that ones position in society has been decided by a higher authority (God) and therefore individuals should not complain for their position in society. This merged very well with the development of capitalism as the process of industrial revolution in capitalist development involved large amount of property-less labourers which worked for the few rich property owners. While the concept of predestination helped to suggest an explaination for ones position in society, rationalization was manifested in Protestantism by the puritan minimalist ideology. Most protestants were afraid of divine judgement, unable to be forgiven by the priest like catholics, protestants searched for an answer in their behaviour. Many protestants lived minimalist lives to escape from lifes luxuries and therefore behaved in a rational manner by accumulating, working hard and creating wealth to prove to themselves and others that they were predestined to have success and go to heaven. A difficulty in using Webers works to understand capitalism is that his expalinations are very specific to the historical periods that he studied. Because of this it becomes more difficult to compare and place the protestant ethic theory into context with the capitalism of future periods. While the protestant ethic theory might serve an explanation for capitalism development at the time, it is harder to believe of Protestantism development as the driving factor for capitalism. Webers theory acknowledges that culture is therefore the driving factor for economic development and not vice versa. In my opinion Webers explanations are highly specific to particular historical periods and cannot be used to compare and describe capitalism at a later period in time. This is because ethical values and ideas are under constant change and evolve to fit with the contemporary society. More criticism on Webers theory is that capitalism began much earlier in history and that Calvinism alone did not serve in developing economic growth and capitalistic modes of production and consumption. Joseph Schumpeter argues that capitalism began much before the industrial revolution. Italy in the 14th century was composed of many small independent city states like Florence, Milan and Venice and these were the first forms of capitalistic societies which appeared; Through trade and high accumulation of capital these Italian city states represent the first capitalistic modes of economic organisation. Other empirical evidence shows how countries with a relative popular Calvinist religion did not always score high economically and in developing capitalism. For example Scotland and the Netherlands although predominantly Calvinist states, did not develop at the same speed of England or the mainly Catholic state of Belgium. Recent works have shown how Protestantism influenced capitalism not because of the protestant ethics and values, but more so because of the promotion of education and literacy that Protestantism brought in Europe. As capitalism was a process which had already begun before the religious Reformation, it is difficult to imagine that capitalism would not have developed under a Catholic religion. Contemporary empirical evidence shows how capitalism modes can be applied to almost any country disregarding religious differences. The spread of capitalism throughout the world does not need the protestant values in order to be ethically tolerable for people, therefore it is hard to believe that Protestant culture influenced the economy. Rather more plausible is Karl Marxs approach which describes how economical development and growth shapes cultures and values in society. Marx Karl Marx offers us a different approach than Webers which is useful in understanding capitalistic development in Western Europe. Marx was born in a middle class family, he was strongly influenced by Hegel. Unlike Weber, Marx sought to influence the masses rather than the elites of power. His ideas offer a theory of a capitalist society based on the simplistic nature of human beings. He believed that it is in the nature of human beings to be productive in order to survive, provide for themselves and live life. Marx argues that it is only in capitalistic society where the breakdown of human actions becomes so acute and rational that it creates negative effects. Marxs describes the process of Alienation as the crux of the problems with capitalist society. By Alienation he means the process where the worker feels alienated/foreign to his labour. He contrasts how previously workers were in close contact with their costumers and to a fuller part of business experience which supplied more gratifying incentives and values for the worker. Capitalism brought the alienation of the worked as with the industrial revolution masses of people became employed in jobs where producers do not have contact with consumers, therefore creating a dehumanising effect. Marx in the fetishism of commodities describes how the worker is alienated from his product because he no longer owns that product. This shift in ownership from the individual producer to a single individual (boss) who controls the production creates the alienation of the worker. Marx focus was directed more at the individual rather than to culture in understanding capitalism. He believed that economic development shaped culture and that religion was merely an epiphenomenon. The general Marxist view is that of a capitalistic boss which is lazy, tyrannical and demanding. This had a negative influence on the workers which were abused and largely exploited by capitalistic owners which benefited from this mode of production. This can be interpreted as a process of rationalization, this is shown in the way that it is more rational to have mass production instead of individual production. Workers required abilities were reduced and their tasks became more and more simple, repetitive and uniform, leaving most of the benefits of rationalization to the property owners, while negatively affecting the low class workers which were alienated from their labour and society. Simmel Simmel in his works touches what Marx had achieved with his works on alienation. Providing a micro point of view Simmel suggests that the Urbanization of society ( movement of masses from countryside to cities) which began with the industrial revolution, created capitalistic centres for finance, business and trade. This offers a theory which is based on the topic of migration. In my opinion it offers a more plausible explanation than Weber as it analyses broader events such as the industrial revolution and population density shifts which more strongly than religion influenced economys need for rationalization and more efficient modes of production in order to provide for all. The focus of Simmel on individual interactions rather than Weber and Marx preoccupation with large scale issues such as Capitalist Development and Rationalization of society, helped to actually create a broader point of view which stems from the individual to represent the reality of an entire society which is becoming more Blasà ©. This means that individuals, overwhelmed by the large amounts of commodities and stimuli present in urban environments are becoming more unaffected by society and the world around us. Basically it describes a process of increased individualisation where everything has become commoditised and capital is used in almost every relation in our life, making society blasà ©. This blasà © theory finds similarities with Marx theory of alienation. Both describe a problem of individuals relations in a capitalist society where feelings and ethics are given up for greater rationality, calculability and uniformity. These are the negatives of the process of capitalism which is growing more and more in contemporary society. Émile Durkheim Born from a high class background, Durkheim theories of Durkheim developed a theory of individual behaviour. He divided social facts in material and non material facts. Durkheim described non-material social facts such as institutions and culture and material social facts such as bureaucracy and law. In his work the division of labour in society Conclusion Looking at the four theorists which seek to understand capitalism development in Western Europe I have came up with critiques and praises for various theories. I find it hard to support Webers protestant ethic theory as it assumes that cultural development shapes economic development. There is a lot of empirical evidence which suggest that economic development was already running in West Europe under a capitalistic mode of production prior to the religious reformation which brought the rise of Protestantism, Calvinism and other branches. Weber fails to address the importance of migration, urbanization and the increase of rationalization as the main factors for capitalistic development, instead he seeks to find the origins of capitalism in a set of values and ethics belonging only to a section of society. Evidence shows that not always Protestant states dominated economically compared to Catholic states. The origins of capitalism date back to much earlier historical periods and can be explained by Webers theory of rationalization, but the empirical importance on religion in capitalism development is overstated and perhaps a broader view taking into account religion, economic development and rationalization is perhaps more useful. Marx theory of alienation is also useful in understanding capitalism development, indeed the increased rationalization brought by capitalism had a strong influence in workers alienation and in a increase of productivity in exchange for a loss in creativity and lead to the development of a mass production mass consumption system which laid out the foundations for a labour-capital intensive economic system that we call capitalism. Marx focuses on universal ethical values that clash with capitalism, these are Justice, Liberty and Equality, and sees capitalism as the process that undermines these ethical values. Marx solution involves the eventual rebellion of the masses against their capitalist employers, this phenomenon has not happened in most of the capitalist world and it seems that capitalism as we know today is the most Just system that is available today. Marxism perhaps gives too much importance to economic development failing to broaden itself to include cultural development and transformation in society during capitalism development, this cultural development is linked to increased rationalism which is embedded in human nature and the increased individualization of the individual which is a process which greatly influenced the development of capitalism together with economic development and profit maximisation.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Stem Cell Research :: Controversy, Debate, Politics

Stem cells are cells that can form into any type of cell, they are found in bone marrow, embryos, fetuses, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a human embryo is made up of a hollow ball of cells called a â€Å"blastocyst†. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called â€Å"differentiation†. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists hope to control the differentiation of the cells to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic stem cells can also be used to test the effects of new drugs without harming animals or people. In adult human beings, stem cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells supply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. Bone marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called â€Å"precursor cells†, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. Precursor cells have the ability to form many different types of cells, but they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as donor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The discovery and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some people consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop into a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people believe that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for. Stem Cell Research :: Controversy, Debate, Politics Stem cells are cells that can form into any type of cell, they are found in bone marrow, embryos, fetuses, and blood from the umbilical cord. Early in development, a human embryo is made up of a hollow ball of cells called a â€Å"blastocyst†. Blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of a human being, a process called â€Å"differentiation†. Embryonic stem cells can be grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. Scientists hope to control the differentiation of the cells to replace cells in diseased organs in human beings. Embryonic stem cells can also be used to test the effects of new drugs without harming animals or people. In adult human beings, stem cells are found in many places in the body, including the skin, liver, bone marrow, and muscles. In the organs, stem cells remain inactive until they are needed. The stem cells supply each organ with cells needed to replace damaged or dead cells. Bone marrow stem cells divide to produce more stem cells, additional cells called â€Å"precursor cells†, and all of the different cells that make up the blood and immune system. Precursor cells have the ability to form many different types of cells, but they cannot produce more stem cells. Scientists can isolate bone marrow stem cells to use as donor cells in transplants. Adult stem cells, however, are rare and more difficult to detect and isolate. The discovery and isolation of embryonic stem cells has led to debate over whether it is right to use cells taken from human embryos for research. People have expressed concern about using human embryos and collecting some of their cells. Some people consider embryos already to be human beings. The embryos are destroyed in the process of isolating the stem cells. Once removed from an embryo, stem cells alone cannot form another embryo or develop into a human being. Many people consider it wrong to destroy human embryos, but other people believe that the potential medical benefits of stem cells justify their use. Scientists have found that stem cells can grow into 210 types of cells in the human body. Scientists believe that these cells can be used to cure many diseases that they have tried to find a cure for.

Monday, November 11, 2019

A research proposal

Children always gesture while explaining what they have to answer, narrate or describe. Almost all the studies, which have been made on children gesture, concluded saying gesture is a vehicle through which children express their knowledge.When children are asked explain a concept they are acquiring, they will always gesture discordant, which means conveying one message in speech and another in gesture. These children are shown to be in a transitional state in the sense that they are particularly receptive to instruction- in fact, more receptive to instructions than the children who convey the same procedure in speech and gesture (1993).Although it is important to be able to describe the learner’s state before and after the task has been mastered, characterizing the process that bridges these two states is the key to understanding learning. Unfortunately, in many studies of learning in both adults and children, performance, procedures, and mental representation are described be fore and after learning.While little attention is paid to the transition between these states (1989). One potential source of information about unverbalized mental processes is the spontaneous gestures that accompany speech.Studies have also shown that child’s gestures can be used to predict child’s performance on a learning task. When a child produces gesture – speech mismatch on a given problem, that child by definition conveys deferent information in gesture and speech.Surprisingly the information child expresses in gesture in such mistakes is typically not ever conveyed in speech during that assessment period, even across a series of test problems(1995). This finding suggested that the child who produces mismatches posses at least some knowledge that he or she cannot verbalize but can only express it in gesture, that is, knowledge that is uniquely expressed in gesture.The studies concluded this assumption saying this concept necessarily rest on the assumptio n that the child’s gestures are an accurate reflection of what the child knows (1998). If the gestures are the accurate expression what the child knows the gestures will have a great deal to do with the source of the knowledge the children have. Studies have not discussed much about the source of knowledge child has really influencing the gestures the child make.Indeed, all of the gesture – speech mismatch studies reported have been based on the assumption that gesture is a vehicle through which children can express meaning. And the fact that these studies have yielded coherent results provides indirect evidence for this assumption (1998).The studies also undoubtedly state that gesture has the potential to offer a unique source of insight into the mind of a child. This proposed study is to seek empirical evidence to make sure that the source of knowledge a child has would always have an influence on the gestures the child make while expressing that knowledge. It is bec ause, one must assume that if gesture is the vehicle through which children can express meaning, gesture is the vehicle through which adults can transport knowledge to the children for comprehension.The speech – gesture mismatch children would make in the expression can be caused from the variations the child observes in the adults expressions. These variations in the adults gestures also cause the difference in the duration of this transition period. Children pay attention to information conveyed in gesture, the y learn from it. Children instructed in mathematics equivalent problems (e.g., 3 + 4 + 5 = _ + 5) are more likely to learn when the instruction includes speech and gesture than it includes only speech (2005).This experience beyond doubt proves that children pay attention to the gestures the see and grasp information from them. Gestures have an indexical function. This indexical function of the gestures is what particularly enabling the children to benefit from the ge stures and comprehend more. There can be deference in this indexical actions in gestures of different people in deferent cultures and different climatically and social conditions. Gesture thus serves the purpose of visual in a learning process.This study here experiment that Conditions under which indexical gestures convey lessons to the children by the adults has anything to do with the speech – gesture mismatch children produce in their expressions.   Participating in an interactive section the enhancement of comprehension is vital. Enhancing the comprehension will mean the duration of above said transition will be reduced. Helping children to be effective communicators.It will definitely be possible when the studies on the obvious reasons for the speech – gesture mismatch are dealt with. In order to make this study work the experiment should include narrations and description of intangible object with gestures.And concrete things and theories also can be framed to experimental questions. All three of this categories in two sets, one with gestures seek comprehension and answers from children of two age groups,   while other seek comprehension and answers from children of two age groups of the same participants, without gestures.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Definition and Discussion of General American English

Definition and Discussion of General American English General American English is a somewhat vague and outdated term for a  variety of spoken American English that seems to lack the distinctive characteristics of any particular region or ethnic group. Also called network English or newscaster accent. The term General American (GA, GAE, or GenAm) was coined by English professor George Philip Krapp in his book The English Language in America (1925). In the first edition of History of the English Language (1935), Albert C. Baugh adopted the term General American, calling it the dialect of the Middle States and the West. General American   is sometimes broadly characterized as speaking with a midwestern accent, but as William Kretzschmar observes (below), there has never been any single best or default form of American English that might form the basis for General American (A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2004). Examples and Observations The fact that I conjugate my verbs and speak in a typical Midwestern newscaster voicetheres no doubt that this helps ease communication between myself and white audiences. And theres no doubt that when Im with a black audience, I slip into a slightly different dialect.(U.S. President Barack Obama, quoted by Dinesh DSouza in Obamas America: Unmaking the American Dream. Simon Schuster, 2012)The term General American is sometimes used by those who expect for there to be a perfect and exemplary state of American English . . .. However, in this essay the term Standard American English (StAmE) is preferred; it designates the level of quality (here of pronunciation) that is employed by educated speakers in formal settings. StAmE pronunciation differs from region to region, even from person to person, because speakers from different circumstances in and different parts of the United States commonly employ regional and social features to some extent even in formal situations.(William A. Kret zschmar, Jr., Standard American English Pronunciation. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) [T]he standard assumption for American English is that even educated speakers, from certain regions at least (most notably New England and the South), at times use regional pronunciation characteristics and thus speak with an accent; hence, despite the persistent belief in a homogenous General American accent or notions like network English there is in fact no single norm of pronunciation that corresponds to RP [received pronunciation] in England, being a non-regional class dialect.(Edgar W. Schneider, Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) Variants in Network English It is important to note that no single dialectregional or socialhas been singled out as an American standard. Even national media (radio, television, movies, CD-ROM, etc.), with professionally trained voices have speakers with regionally mixed features. However, Network English, in its most colourless form, can be described as a relatively homogenous dialect that reflects the ongoing development of progressive American dialects (Canadian English has several notable differences). This dialect itself contains some variant forms. The variants included within this targeted accent involve vowels before /r/, possible differences in words like cot and caught and some vowels before /l/. It is fully rhotic. These differences largely pass unnoticed by the audiences for Network English, and are also reflective of age differences.(Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) ​​General American vs. the Eastern New England Accent A few examples of differences between some regional dialects and General American or Network English are in order here, though these are necessarily selective. In the characteristic speech of Eastern New England, for instance, rhotic /r/ is lost after vowels, as in far or hard, while it is retained in all positions in General American. A rounded vowel has been retained in Eastern New England in words like top and dot, whereas General American uses an unrounded vowel. Another Eastern New England characteristic is the use of /É‘/ in words like bath, grass, last, etc., where General American uses /a/. In these respects the New England accent shows some similarities with British RP.(Diane Davies, Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction. Routledge, 2013) Challenges to the Concept of General American The belief that American English consists of General American and the Eastern (Northern) and Southern dialect varieties was called into question by a group of American scholars in the 1930s. . . . In 1930 [Hans] Kurath was named the director of an ambitious project called The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada. He patterned the project on a similar European undertaking that had been completed some years before the American project started: Atlas linguistique de la France, which ran between 1902 and 1910. Given the results of their work, Kurath and his co-workers challenged the belief that American English had the varieties Eastern, Southern, and General American. Instead, they suggested that American English is best viewed as having the following major dialect areas: Northern, Midland, and Southern. That is, they did away with the elusive notion of General American and replaced it with the dialect area that they called Midland.(Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An In troduction. Broadview, 2000) Many Midwesterners are under the illusion that they speak without an accent. They may even believe that they speak Standard American English. But most linguists understand that there is not a single, correct way to speak English. So, yes, even Midwesterners speak with an accent.(James W. Neuliep,  Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 6th ed. SAGE, 2015)It should be emphasized that everyone speaks with an accent; it is as impossible to speak without an accent as to speak without making sounds. When people deny they have an accent, this is a statement of social prejudice and not linguistics.(Howard Jackson and Peter Stockwell, An Introduction to the Nature and Functions of Language, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) Also see: Standard American EnglishAccent PrejudiceEthnic Dialect,  Idiolect,  Regional Dialect, and  Social DialectMarkednessPrestigePronunciationStandard English

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Ballistics Essays

Ballistics Essays Ballistics Essay Ballistics Essay Paper Ballistics Bullets traveling over two thousand feet per second and having more energy than one normal person can perceive. Can you imagine tracking where, how, when, and what from angle this bullet was shot. Ballistic scientists can. Ballistics is the study of any projectile used as a weapon. This can certainly make or break a case Involving a guru Great ballistic scientists can even provide how far the bullet was shot from before It makes contact with the target. To me this is one of the most Important tools in a case where a firearm is used. The definition of ballistics is very simple, the study of projectiles from a weapon, mainly referring to bullets out of a gun. That Is a dulled down definition. My definition is a little lengthier in depth. Forensic ballistics includes the examination of bullets and firearms in an attempt to identify particular weapons used at any particular time. Guns and bullets leave small signs behind when fired, which professional ballistic scientists can pick apart and define what gun, bullet, energy, and even charge of the casing. This makes ballistic scientist one of the most important keys on a law enforcement agency. Pistols and rifles are categorized by what the inside diameter of the barrel measures. This is called caliber. An example would be, a 22 caliber rifle has a much smaller diameter barrel than a . 370 caliber rifle does. In turn, the bullet of a . 22 caliber is going to be considerably smaller than that off . 370 caliber, Pistols are categorized the same way. A . 40 caliber is much smaller than a . 460 caliber. Shotguns, however, are not categorized Like this. Shotguns are categorized by gauge. Unlike the rifle, the smaller the gauge of a rifle the bigger the inside diameter is. Such as, a twelve gauge has a much larger barrel than a twenty-eight gauge. Now that I have explained sizes and categorization to the guns, next Is the operation of the guns. When a gun is fired it takes many parts to make the gun fire and also for the bullet to hit Its target. When you pull the trigger on a gun, the firing pin strikes the bullet to set tot the gunpowder. That leaves a mark on the casing as unique as a fingerprintno two guns strike the bullet in exactly the same way. Furthermore, the barrels of every gun are rifled, which means they contain grooves, wanly Nell ten Dulled spun Ana make It more accurate. In turn, ten Dulled NAS ten marks from the rifling in the barrel, which can be matched up to the weapon that fired it. There is one exception to the rifling in the barrel. That exception is smooth bore shot guns. They are smooth, Just like the name implies. Now to talk about the term most people deem as ballistics, the speed, drop, and energy off bullet. Charge, weight, and muzzle length are three things that affect the speed and drop off bullet. Something most people don?wet know is that a bullet does not shoot straight horizontally. When I bullet is shot it is shot at a raising angle. Which means the bullet breaks the plane of the muzzle once before hitting the target. A . 22 caliber rifle breaks the plane of the muzzle at twenty-five yards, if the rifle is zeroed at 100 yards. Not all rifles cartridges cross at these measurements. That all depends on the weight, charge, and velocity of the bullet. Weight can also be described as knock-down power. A high caliber rifle will shoot heavier bullets and have more knock-down power. The more weight means that there is more kinetic energy. For example, a . 357 caliber rifle shoots a lighter, much faster bullet than that off . 5 caliber. Although the . 57 is faster and more flat shooting, the . 45 caliber has more knock-down power because of the weight of the bullet and the kinetic energy. Although this information is more helpful too hunter, it is useful to any shooter. Charge is described as the amount of black-powder used to fire the bullet. The more the charge, the bigger the bang. Every gun uses black-powder to be fir ed. Black-powder was the first explosive, and used in every gun in the history of fire- arms. From the oldest muskmelons to the most high tech sniper rifles used today. Now that the velocity of the gun is covered, next will be to explain what happens o the bullet once it hits the target. There are many different types of bullets. Such as soft tip, hollow point, and wad cutters. There are also a few types of hollow points. Hollow points are bullets that expand, (or mushroom) once they have impacted the target. These are most common and also the most harmful. Not only do you have a bullet traveling at over 1 500 feet per second, but they also expand and leave gaping entry and exit wounds, and can also leave trace amounts of the bullet inside the target. One type of hollow point is a slow expanding bullet. It works exactly like it is babbled, it is a harder bullet that still expands, but may not fully expand until it is very far into the target. These do a lot of damage, but not as bad as a fast expanding bullet. Fast expanding bullets expand as soon as contact is made with the target and is the most lethal type of bullet. Because they open so quickly you get the mushroom effect completely through the target. Wad cutters are nothing more than a solid piece of lead. They are mainly used for target practice because they are very cheap and do not have the charge nor the velocity of a hunting load. Although they arena t as powerful they are Just as harmful. Since they do not expand they stay a solid completely through the target and also after if there is an exit wound. These are Just as deadly because they can ricochet inside off target such as a human. Wad cutters are used in a lot of gang fights because they will not kill someone, but they will penetrate the skin and once inside the person they will ricochet off of the ribs and sternum, doing much internal damage. On each and every gun manufactured, there is a serial number stamped into it. It Is made Day pressing ten metal so even Day Telling Tontine serial under Trot ten inside, the scientist can still use ultra-sound to find out the serial number. Filing off serial number is a crime in itself and is very common in gangs, drugs, and acts of violence. By acquiring this serial number ballistic scientists can find out the caliber, make, model, store it was sold from, and even the owner. This is a huge factor in ballistic science. If you can place a gun with an owner/operator, as a ballistic scientist you have won half the battle of solving the crime. Ballistic scientists not only work with the operation of the gun, but also the distance and angle the bullet was shot from. For instance, the entry hole on a target well be much smaller than the exit hole because of the expansion of the bullet and the velocity that it exited at. In this case if you can determine and entry and exit wound you can tell what angle the bullet was shot from and determine the vicinity that the shooter was when the bullet was fired from the firearm. Distance is a huge key to figuring out what happened at a crime scene. A bullet fired from point-blank range out to a very close range will leave a black-powder burn on the target. A shot a point-blank range will have a tighter more distinct burn than en of a shot from a further distance. Another determining key to distance is penetration. If a bullet has not completely passed through a victim it could have been fired from a farther distance than what the proprieties of the scene allow. Some of the tests and examinations of ballistics include a few different types of test shooting. The ballistic scientist will test shoot the gun to find out its markings and striations on certain types of bullets to try and match a bullet with a gun and even a gun with an owner. That type of test can obviously only be done if either remains of the bullet or the gun is found. If neither the gun nor bullet is found at the scene the scientist can shoot different types of guns into what is called ballistic gel. This gel is comparable to the skin, muscle, and fat off human. It is a clear gel so you can compare the wound channel of the victim to that of the gel. This is also helpful with studying expansion of a bullet considering the gel is clear. Collecting evidence from a crime scene is very important. You do not want to hurt any evidence that could hinder the case. When collecting evidence such as a gun, never place a pencil inside of the barrel or trigger guard. Not only is that not proper rearm safety it is also harmful to any evidence that is located there. The firearms can be picked up by the textured part of the grip, while of course wearing rubber gloves to leave no extra fingerprints behind. Before picking up the firearm, make sure it is pointing in a safe direction. Most criminals do not unload the firearm before they drop it at a crime scene. Keep notes on the condition of the gun, the location, and time it was found. These call all be key factors in telling when, where, why, and how the victim was shot. If the barrel is damaged in any way, it will affect the outcome of test shooting. The same goes for the firing mechanism. The firearm should be contained in either a large envelope or a paper bag. It should be kept separate from the bullets, casing, or magazine. Putting all of these pieces of evidence in one container can lead to scratching and damaging any piece of evidence. As for collecting the bullet or casing from a scene, you must be very careful and collect it right or it will be no good as evidence. Since casings and bullets are metal, IT tenure Is any metal on metal contact ten specimen can De rule Ana scratches. This is why you would want to collect the evidence by hand with gloves on. Also one thing that most criminals don?wet think about is when you are loading your weapon you are leaving your fingerprints on the casings as you load them into the magazine. This is why casing are very important to any case. You would not want to use metal tweezers. If the bullet is scratched it could lead to false reading in test shooting or examination. Bullets and casings should be placed in a separate small cardboard box or a small envelope at the least. When collecting a magazine you should take the same precautions as you do with the gun, bullets, and casings. The magazine can be a very important part of the rime scene. Let?was possible that the magazine that was left behind could still have cartridges in them that have not been fired. If so that could narrow down the search for the caliber of gun and also the type of ammunition that was shot. Also with finding the magazine you can examine it for fingerprints from when the magazine was loaded and unloaded. With finding such things as the magazine, bullets, and casing you can determine many things such as, position, distance, caliber, gun, and even an escape route if the magazine was dropped. When I had first chosen the topic ballistics I thought I would be more focused on he science part of ballistics. But once I researched and put some of my own knowledge to work I realized that I was more interested in the way guns work and the way bullets travel. Although I don?wet see myself as the laboratory type, if I could only work on firearms cases it would not be that bad of a Job. I know as a student I learned very much in my research of bullets, guns, and ballistics. ?catheter are hundreds of millions of gun owners in this country, and not one of them will have an accident today. The only misuse of guns comes in environments where there are drugs, alcohol, bad parents, and undisciplined children.